Cancer
Cancer stands as the second leading cause of mortality in the United States. Among women, breast cancer holds the foremost position, while among men, prostate cancer, second only to lung cancer, accounts for the highest cancer-related deaths. Ongoing research underscores the multifaceted anti-cancer properties of Vitamin E Tocotrienols:
They act as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, neutralizing harmful Free Radicals.
They enhance programmed cell death (Apoptosis) in cancer cells through the stimulation of Caspase-3 pathways.
They inhibit NF-Kappa B, a pivotal pro-inflammatory protein that fosters cancer development.
They induce Apoptosis, prompting self-destruction of cancer cells.
They impede VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), hampering the formation of new blood vessels crucial for cancer nourishment.
They hinder the enzyme responsible for excessive cholesterol production in cancer cells, effectively starving the growing cancer.
Recent studies have unveiled no less than 33 distinct cancer-preventive activities exhibited by Vitamin E Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols. Notably, in the comprehensive "Vitamin E and Cancer Prevention" study spanning 40 pages in the Journal of Molecular Carcinogenesis (2020) by Professor M. Malafa and colleagues, funded by the National Cancer Institute.
Annatto Tocotrienols have demonstrated consistent anti-tumor benefits, impediment of cancer cell proliferation, suppression of metastasis (spread), and enhanced efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, particularly in combating resistant and recurrent cancers. These findings are elucidated in the 18-page research paper titled "Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Tocotrienols in Cancer," published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019).
References
General Cancer
European Journal of Nutrition (2020) - Vitamin E and cancer: an update on the emerging role of γ and δ tocotrienols
International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019) - Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Tocotrienols in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancements
Pharmacological Research (2018) - Tocotrienols: The promising analogues of vitamin E for cancer therapeutics
BioFactors (2016) - Tocotrienol and cancer metastasis
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2014) - Cytotoxicity and apoptotic activities of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol isomers on human cancer cells
Biochemical Pharmacology (2010) - Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: Its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases
Cancer Letters (2008) - Multitargeted therapy of cancer by tocotrienols
Breast Cancer
Antioxidants (2021) - Tocotrienols as an Anti Breast Cancer Agent
Nutrients (2019) - Omega 3-DHA and Delta-Tocotrienol Modulate Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Lipophagy in Breast Cancer Cells: the Impact in Cancer Aggressiveness
International Journal of Molecular Science (2016) - Tocotrienol Nanoemulsion Platform of Curcumin Elicit Elevated Apoptosis and Augmentation of Anticancer Efficacy against Breast and Ovarian Carcinomas
International Journal of Clinical Experimental Medicine (2015) - miR-429 mediates δ-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting XIAP
Carcinogenesis (2013) - Effect of annatto-tocotrienols supplementation on the development of mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice
BioFactors (2013) - Mitochondrial-dependent anticancer activity of δ-tocotrienol and its synthetic derivatives in HER-2/neu overexpressing breast adenocarcinoma cells
Genes & Nutrition (2012) - Tocotrienols and breast cancer: the evidence to date
Colon Cancer
Nutrients (2021) - Clinically Relevant Genes and Proteins Modulated by Tocotrienols in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines: Systematic Scoping Review
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2021) - Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13’-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice
Cancer Prevention Research (2019) - Chemoprevention of Azoxymethane-induced Colon Carcinogenesis by Delta-Tocotrienol
Journal of Functional Foods (2017) - d-Tocotrienol suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing apoptosis and blocking the COX-2/PGE2 pathway that stimulates tumor–stromal interactions in colon cancer
Cancer Research (2016) - Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol targets human colon cancer stem cells and inhibits colon cancer metastasis and induces apoptosis
PLOS ONE (2015) - Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction (TRF) Suppresses the Growth of Human Colon Cancer Xenografts in Balb/C Nude Mice by the Wnt Pathway
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2015) - δ-Tocotrienol treatment is more effective against hypoxic tumor cells than normoxic cells: potential implications for cancer therapy
Lung Cancer
Metabolites (2019) - Delta-Tocotrienol Modulates Glutamine Dependence by Inhibiting ASCT2 and LAT1 Transporters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells: A Metabolomic Approach
OncoTargets & Therapy (2018) - Delta-tocotrienol inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer cell invasion via the inhibition of NF-κB, uPA activator, and MMP-9
The FASEB Journal (2015) - Delta Tocotrienol Inhibits MMP-9 Dependent Invasion and Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cell by Suppressing Notch-1 Mediated NF-κb and uPA Pathways
International Journal of Science (2012) - Delta-tocotrienol suppresses Notch-1 pathway by upregulating miR-34a in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (2011) - Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells by delta-tocotrienol is associated with notch-1 down-regulation
Ovarian Cancer
Cell Proliferation (2021) - δ-Tocotrienol sensitizes and re-sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin via induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest and ROS/MAPK-mediated apoptosis
Pharmacological Research (2019) - Delta tocotrienol in recurrent ovarian cancer. A phase II trial
International Journal of Molecular Science (2016) - Tocotrienol Nanoemulsion Platform of Curcumin Elicit Elevated Apoptosis and Augmentation of Anticancer Efficacy against Breast and Ovarian Carcinomas
Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer Cell International (2019) - Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through proteasome-mediated down-regulation of c-FLIPs
BMC Cancer (2018) - γ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by upregulation of ceramide synthesis and modulation of sphingolipid transport
Oncotarget (2017) - δ-Tocotrienol, a natural form of vitamin E, inhibits pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and prevents pancreatic cancer metastasis
eBioMedicine (2015) - A Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Presurgical Trial of Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Neoplasia
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics (2011) - Vitamin E δ-Tocotrienol Augments the Antitumor Activity of Gemcitabine and Suppresses Constitutive NF-κB Activation in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreas (2009) - d-C-TocotrienolYMediated Suppression of the Proliferation of Human PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3 Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells
Prostate Cancer
Cancer Prevention Research (2022) - δ-Tocotrienol is the Most Potent Vitamin E Form in Inhibiting Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Inhibits Prostate Carcinogenesis in Ptenp−/− Mice
Free Radical Biology and Medicine (2020) - Mitochondrial functional and structural impairment is involved in the antitumor activity of δ-tocotrienol in prostate cancer cells
Cell Proliferation (2019) - δ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis, involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, and paraptosis in prostate cancer cells
International Journal of Molecular Science (2019) - Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway
International Institute of Anticancer Research (2018) - Suppressive Effect of Delta-Tocotrienol on Hypoxia Adaptation of Prostate Cancer Stem-like Cells
Nutrition and Cancer (2016) - Synergistic Impact of d-δ-Tocotrienol and Geranylgeraniol on the Growth and HMG CoA Reductase of Human DU145 Prostate Carcinoma Cells
International Journal of Cancer (2011) - Gamma-tocotrienol induces apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer cells by increasing intracellular dihydrosphingosine and dihydroceramide
Free Radical Biology and Medicine (2011) - γ-Tocotrienol induces growth arrest through a novel pathway with TGFβ2 in prostate cancer
British Journal of Cancer (2008) - γ-Tocotrienol suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion through multiple-signalling pathways